已知表: Create Table Department (dept_ id varchar(2) not null, --部门编号 dept_ name varchar(20) not null, -- 部门名称 dept_ leader varchar(10) - 部门经理
Create Table Personnel (id varchar(4) not null, --员工号 name varchar(10) not null, -姓名 dept id varchar(2) not null, -部门编号 age integer, -- 年龄 gzsj date, -- 参加工作时间 technical post varchar(10), 一职称 salary integer - 薪水 )
(1)Department 增加一列字段notes,长度为10的字符串,默认值为‘0’ ,请写出相关SQL语句 alter Department add notes varchar(10) not null default 0;
(2)查找工资大于2000元的员工记录,并按员工号id升序排列 select * from Personnel where salary > 2000 order by id;
(3)查找工资大于2000元的员工所在部门、部门编号、部门经理、员工名称 select D.dept_name,D.dept_leader,D.dept_id,P.name from Personnel P left join Department D on D.dept_id = P.dept_id where P.salary > 2000;
1、首先停业务 2、查看SQL线程的执行状态: show slave status\G; 查看Slave_SQL_Running_State项是否为Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates,如下: Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates 或执行show processlist; 如果有Slave has read all relay log; waitingfor more updates 则表示从库都同步完成了。 3、所有从库执行show slave status\G; 对比所有从库的Relay_Master_Log_File,Exec_Master_Log_Pos两个参数的值,数值最大的作为新的主库,如果所有从库的值都相同,都没有落后于主库,选择哪个从库都可以做为新主库. 4、选好准主库后,执行stop slave;reset slave ;reset master; 5、在准主库上用户授权,其他从库上change master指向主库,配置主从复制。
#!/bin/bash for ip in `seq 1 255` do { ping -c 1 192.168.1.$ip > /dev/null 2>&1 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo 192.168.1.$ip UP else echo 192.168.1.$ip DOWN fi }& done wait
5、列举你所熟悉的脚本语言,并选一种脚本语言编写一个脚本解决你所遇到的问题。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
shell
分割Tomcat日志, log_path=/opt/tomcat/logs namelog=/opt/tomcat/logs/name_log d=`date +%Y-%m-%d` d7=`date -d'7 day ago' +%Y-%m-%d` cd ${log_path} && cp catalina.out catalina.$d.log echo > catalina.out cd ${namelog} && cp name name.$d.log echo > name rm -rf $log_path/catalina.${d7}.log rm -rf $namelog/name_log/name.${d7}.log
200 OK 请求成功。一般用于GET与POST请求 302 Found 临时移动。与301类似。但资源只是临时被移动。客户端应继续使用原有URI 400 Bad Request 客户端请求的语法错误,服务器无法理解 403 Forbidden 服务器理解请求客户端的请求,但是拒绝执行此请求 404 Not Found 服务器无法根据客户端的请求找到资源(网页)。通过此代码,网站设计人员可设置"您所请求的资源无法找到"的个性页面 500 Internal Server Error 服务器内部错误,无法完成请求 502 Bad Gateway 作为网关或者代理工作的服务器尝试执行请求时,从远程服务器接收到了一个无效的响应 503 Service Unavailable 由于超载或系统维护,服务器暂时的无法处理客户端的请求。延时的长度可包含在服务器的Retry-After头信息中
配置Apache服务器需要修改的配置文件为( A) A. httpd.conf B. access.conf C. srm.conf D. named.conf
英文翻译 Many of our components require the use of JavaScript to function. Specifically, they require jQuery, Popper.js, and our own JavaScript plugins. Place the following near the end of your pages, right before the closing
tag, to enable them. jQuery must come first, then Popper.js, and then our JavaScript plugins
阿里面试题 一、单项选择题 1. 一个大型网站准备上线,时间非常紧急,需要在 2 天内完成 2000 台 ECS 的开 通的环境部署,以下哪个功能可以帮客户解决困难?(C) A、SSD B、快照+OpenAPI C、自定义镜像+OpenAPI D、共享快照 2.存放用户账号的文件是(C) A shadow B group C passwd D Gshadow 3.Linux 系统中,下面哪个命令可以查看服务器的序列号(A) A:dmidecode B: lspci C:modinfo D:dmesg 4.当运行在多用户模式下时,用 Ctrl+ALT+F* 可以切换多少虚拟用户终端() A:3 B:6 C:1 D:12 5.Linux 系统中,如何查看静态进程数?(B) A:pstree B: ps -ef C:tree D:top 6.如何查看当前 linux 系统的状态,如 CPU 使用内存使用负载情况,下列描述不 正确的是?(D) A:可以使用 top 命令分析 CPU 使用,内存使用,负载等情况 B:可以使用 free 查看内存整体的使用情况 C:可以使用 cat/proc/meminfo 查看内存更详细的情况 D:可以使用 isof 打开指定的端口 7.Linux 系统中,更改文件 test.txt 属主和属组,如属主为 test,属组为 test1, 下面哪个命令是正确的?(C) A:chmod test.test1 test.txt B: chmod test1.test test.txt C: chown test.test1 test.txt D: chown test1.test test.txt 8.Linux 用于启动系统所需加载的内核程序位于(C) A:/ B:/lib/modules/2.4.20_8/kernel C:/boot D:/proc 9.下列对协程的理解错误的是?(D) A:一个线程可以运行多个协程 B:协程的调度由所在程序自身控制 C:Linux 中线程的调度由操作系统控制 D:Linux 中协程的调度由操作系统控制 10.在 bash 中,在一条命令后加入“1>&2”意味着(A) A: 标准输出重定向到标准错误输出 B: 标准输入重定向到标准错误输出 C: 标准输出重定向到标准输入 D: 标准错误输出重定向到标准输入 11.在给定文件中查找与设定条件相符字符串的命令为(A) A:grep B:gzip C:find D:sort 12. 阿里云的产品中负责负载均衡的产品是?(A) A. SLB B. ECS C. OSS D. RDS 13.SLB 结合哪个产品可以实现跨地域(region)的容灾?(B) A:OSS B: DNS 14.建立动态路由需要用到的文件有(B) A. /etc/hosts B. /etc/gateways C. /etc/resolv、conf 2 15.假设文件 fileA 的符号链接为 fileB,那么删除 fileA 后,下面的概述正确的 是(B) A fileB 也随之被删除 B fileB 仍存在,但是属于无效文件 C 因为 fileB 未被删除,所以 fileA 会被系统自动重新建立 D fileB 会随 fileA 的删除而被系统自动删除 16.如果想在 Linux 下实现热启,应当修改/etc/inittab 下的哪一行(B) A #Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE B ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now C id:3:initdefault: D 10:3wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3 17.Linux 系统中,下面哪个命令可以批量复制 test.txt 文件到多台物理机 /root/路径下,假设多台物理机 ip 列表文件为 all_ip? (C) A cp -h all_ip test.txt/root/ B scp -h all_ip test.txt/root/ C pscp -h all_ip test.txt/root/ D rsync -h all_ip test.txt/root/ 18.启动 DNS 服务的守护进程 C A:httpd start B:httpd stop C: named start D:named stop 19. 弹性伸缩是否一定要搭配 ECS 使用?(A) A. 否 B. 是 20. Aliyun Linux 和以下哪个系统兼容?(D) A. UBUNTU B. OpenSUSE C. windows server2008 D. Red Hat 21.使用阿里云弹性伸缩来实现计算资源的弹性配置时,做了如下设置:伸缩组的 属性中设置 MinSize=2,MaxSize=7 伸缩规则为增加 3 台 ECS,伸缩配置也进行了 正常的配置。该伸缩组当前的云服务器 ECS 实例数为 3 台,通过设置定时任务来 执行,执行一次后,会增加几台云服务器 ECS 实例?(C)
A.1 台 B.2 台 C.3 台 22. 小明是一个社交网站的架构师,创业初期用户量较少,每个注册客户上传的 图片文件直接保存在了一台阿里云的云服务器 ECS 实例上。最近用户量爆增,图 片存储的空间达到了 3.5T,WEB 服务器由原来的 1 台 ECS 实例扩展到了 5 台 ECS 实例,性能问题得到了解决,可是保存在 ECS 实例的图片无法在多台 ECS 之 间共享读写。 阿里云的____A____产品非常适合解决这个问题。 A. 对象存储 OSS; B. 负载均衡 SLB; C. 归档存储(Archive Storage); D. 内容分发网络 CDN; 23. 您基于阿里云的云服务器 ECS 实例部署了 Mysql 数据库,随着业务量的不断 上涨,您需要通过读写分离的方式来改善数据库的性能,可以采用阿里云的(C) 产品来快速解决该问题。 A. 对象存储 OSS B. 本读 SSD 盘 C. 云数据库 RDS D. 表格存储 24. RED HAT LINUX 9 默认使用的文件系统类型为(B) A. ext2 B. ext3 C. FAT D. Swap 25.在 vi 编辑器中的命令模式下,重复上一次对编辑的文本进行的操作,可使用 (C)命令。 A 上箭头 B 下箭头 C . D * 26.一个文件名字为 rr.Z,可以用来解压缩的命令是(C) A tar B gzip C compress D uncompress 4 27.删除文件命令为(D) A:mkdir B:move C: mv D: rm 28. pwd 与 pwdx 命令的区别是 pwd 用于查看进程的运行目录,pwdx 用于查看当前 目录(B) A. 正确 B. 错误 29.若当前目录为/home,命令 ls -l 将显示 home 目录下的 (D) A 所有文件 B 所有隐含文件 C 所有非隐含文件 D 文件的具体信息 30. 在/etc/fstab 文件中指定的文件系统加载参数中,(D)参数一般用于 CD-ROM 等移动设备。 A. Defaults B. sw C. rw 和 ro D. noauto 31. 系统平均负载考虑 CPU 和内存因素(A) A. 正确 B. 错误 32. 如何快速切换到用户 Mary 的主目录下?(D) A. cd @Mary B. cd #Mary C. cd &Mary D. cd ~Mary 33. /etc/shadow 文件中存放(B) A. 用户账号基本信息 B. 用户口令的加密信息 C. 用户组信息 D. 文件系统信息 34. linux 系统中,通过哪个命令可以查看磁盘空间使用情况?(A) A. df -h B. du -sm C. fdisk D. fsck 35. 除非特别指定,cp 嘉定要拷贝的文件中在下面哪个目录下(D) A. 用户目录 B. Home 目录 C. Root 目录 D. 当前目录 36.若当前目录为/etc,命令 ls –l 将显示 etc 目录下的(D) A. 所有文件 B. 所有隐含文件 C. 所有非隐含文件 D. 文件的具体信息 37.某文件的组外成员的权限未只读,所有者拥有全部权限,组内权限为读与写, 则改文件的权限为(D) A. 467 B. 674 C. 476 D. 764 38. 当使用 mount 进行设备或者文件系统挂载的时候,需要用到的设备名称位于 (D)目录 A. /home B. /bin C. /etc D. /dev 39. 卸载某个软件包,应使用(B) A. rpm -i B. rpm -e C. rpm -q 6 D. rpm -v 40. linux 系统中,更改文件权限,例如更改文件名 test.txt 权限为-rw-r-xr--, 下面哪个命令是正确的(C) A. chown 644 test.txt B. chmod 655 test.txt C. chmod 654 test.txt D. chmod 655 test.txt 41. linux 系统中,如何使用命令 crontab 查看当前用户下有哪些定时任务?(B) A. crontab -e B. crontab -l C. crontab -r D. crontab –s 42. docker 环境下,如何无需进入 docker 从 docker 中拷贝文件到本地?(A) A. docker cp 容器 id:/root/.bashrc /tmp/ B. ftp C. scp :/root/.bashrc /tmp D. docker scp 容器 id:/root/.bashrc /tmp/ 43. 如何查看容器 abc 的详细信息?(D) A. Docker rmi -f‘docker images -q -a’ B. Docker stats 容器 id C. Docker top 容器 id D. Docker inspect abc 44. 如何备份一个 docker 镜像? (B) A. docker backup B. docker save C. docker export D. docker write 45. 请判断查看容器的进程命令为“Docker top 容器 id”是否正确(A) A. 正确 B. 错误
46. 如何运行一个 zabbix 的镜像,并打开一个终端?(A) A. docker r run -it zabbix bash B. docker pull zabbix C. docker search zabbix D. docker inspect zabbix 47. docker 如何停止所有正在运行的容器?(D) A. sudo docker run IMAGE env B. sudo docker rmi $(sudo docker images -q -f danging=true) C. docker kill $(sudo docker ps -q) D. docker kill $(sudo docker ps -a -q) 48. 在使用 mkdir 命令创建新的目录时,在其父目录不存在时先创建父目录的选 项是(D). A. -m B. -d C. -f D. -p 49. 在使用 docker create 命令创建容器或使用 docker run 创建并运行容器的 时候。可以使用-m|–memory 参数来调整容器使用内存的大小。(A) A. 正确 B. 错误 50. 用于将事务处理写到数据库的命令是( C ) A.insert B.rollback C.commit D.savepoint 51 docker 如何批量清理临时镜像文件?(B) A. sudo docker run IMAGE env B. sudo docker rmi $(sudo docker images -q -f danging=true) C. docker kill $(sudo docker ps -q) D. docker rm $(sudo docker ps -a -q) 52. 容器具有数据持久化特性,无论进入容器进行什么样的更改,退出容器后再 重新启动容器,里面数据不会丢失(A) A. 对 B. 错 53. 如何查看容器的统计信息?(B) A. Docker rmi -f‘docker images -q -a’ B. Docker stats 容器 id C. Docker top 容器 id D. Docker inspect abc 54. Docker 能在非 Linux 平台(Windows+MacOS)上运行(B) A. 正确 B. 错误 55. docker 本地的镜像文件都存放在哪里(A) A. /var/lib/docker/目录下 B. /lib/docker/目录下 C. /var/docker/目录下 D. /var/libs/docker/目录下 56. 容器退出后,使用 docker ps 命令无法查看到,说明容器被自动删除了?(B) A. 对 B. 错 57. linux 中 vi 打开文件后,若是想要从光标开始处向文件尾搜索 test,该执行 什么命令?(A) A. /test B. ?test C. s/test D. find/test 58. 通过以下哪个命令可以查看当前网卡和网卡配置 ip 地址的情况?(B) A. ipconfig -a B. ifconfig -a C. ip -a 59. 请给出查看“cat”命令全路径的命令。(C) A. where cat B. find cat 9 C. which cat D. search cat 60. shell 中修改 test.txt 的 23 行 test 为 tset 的命令为(A) A. sed –i ‘23s/test/tset/g’ test.txt B. sed –i ‘n23s/test/tset/g’ test.txt C. sed -l ‘n23s/test/tset/g’ test.txt D. sed -a ‘23s/test/tset/g’ test.txt 61. 在 linux 中,要查看文件内容,可用(A)命令。 A. more B. cd C. login D. logout 62. usermod 命令无法实现的操作是(B) A. 账户重命名 B. 删除指定的账户和对应的主目录 C. 加锁与解锁用户账户 D. 对用户密码进行加锁或解锁 63. 关于/etc/fstab 文件的正确描述有(B) A. 系统启动后,有系统自动生成 B. 用于管理文件系统信息 C. 用于设置命名规则,是否使用可以用 tab 命名一个文件 D. 保存硬件信息 64. shell 查看 test.txt 的 5 到 10 行的命令为(C) A. sed -i '5,10p' test.txt B. sed -n '5,10h' test.txt C. sed -n '5,10p' test.txt D. sed -i '5,10n' test.txt 65. 当字符串用单引号(’’)括起来时,SHELL 将 (C)。 A. 解释引号内的特殊字符 B. 执行引号中的命令 C. 不解释引号内的特殊字符 D. 结束进程 66. 如何删除一个非空子目录 /tmp( B )。 A. del /tmp/* B. rm -rf /tmp C. rm -Ra /tmp/* D. rm –rf /tmp/* 67.Linux 用户磁盘配额配置文件 aqupta.user 的默认访问权限是(C) A:644 B: 755 C:600 D:700 68.若 URL 地址为 http://www.nankai.edu/index.html,请问哪个代表主机名(D) A: nankai.edu.cn B: index.html C: www.nankai.edu/index.html D: www.nankai.edu 二.多项选择题 1. <阿里云>OSS 与自建存储对比有哪些优势? (ABCD) A. 数据更可靠; B. 存储能力强; C. 系统更安全; D. 服务可用性高; 2. 数据库通常采用的备份方式有(ABE) A. 完全备份 B. 增量备份 C. 日志备份 D. 冗余备份 E. 差异备份 3. Linux 操作系统中,下列哪些命令可以实现重启:(CDF) A. shutdown -h B. poweroff C. reboot D. shutdown -r E. init 0 F. init 1 4. 运维人员想要列出目录下的内容,而且需要 cd 到该目录下,操作者需要哪些 权限?(AC) A. 读 B. 写 C. 执行 D. 递归 5. 以下说法正确的是(ABC)。 A. zip 命令中的“-m”选项表示压缩完成后删除源文件 B. unzip 命令中的“-n”选项表示不覆盖已有的文件 C. tar 命令中的“-u”选项表示更新文件 D. gzip 命令中的“-l”选项表示显示文件名和压缩比 6. 在服务器上安装 linux 安装系统并进行系统分区时,哪些分区是要进行分出 的?(AC) A. / B. /usr C. /swap D. /proc 7. Linux 系统中的常见的设备类型有哪些(AB) A. 块设备 B. 字符设备 C. 流设备 D. 缓冲设备 8. 以下的命令中哪些可以在日常工作中帮助运维人员查看分析网络故障? (ACD) A. ping B. init C. telnet D. netstat
9. 以下哪些命令不能直接在 test 中显示以"*"开头的行?(ABC) A. find * test B. wc -l * < test C. grep -n * test D. grep ‘^\*’ test 10. 在 linux 中,shell 环境都有哪些?(AD)???ABCD A. bash B. ksh C. csh D. pdksh sh---Bourne Shell,最初使用的 shell bash---Bourne Again Shell,LinuxOS 默认的,它是 sh 的扩展 csh---C Shell,比 sh 更适合的变种 Shell,它的语法与 C 语言很相似 Tcsh--- ,C Shell 的一个扩展版本 ksh---Korn Shell,集合了 csh 和 sh 的优点 pdksh--- ,是 Linux 系统提供的 ksh 的扩展 11. linux 系统上配置 web 服务器而且需要支持动态页面,需要安装的软件有哪 些?(ABCD) A. Apache B. MySQL C. httpd D. PHP 12.Docker 的存储驱动程序有哪些()BCDE A AUES B Btrfs C Device mapper D OverlayFS E ZFS F VFS 13. PaaS 是 Platform as a Service 的首字母缩写,意为平台即服务,即把 IT 环境的平台软件层作为服务出租出去,下面属于该层的服务包含哪些? (ABC) A. 中间件&运行库; B. 数据库; C. 操作系统; D. 应用软件; 14. docker 命令以下哪些为高危操作(AD) A. docker rm 容器 id B. docker inspect 容器 ID C. docker mv 容器 ID D. docker rm -f 镜像 ID 15. docker 网络模式包括(ABCD) A. host 模式 B. container 模式 C. none 模式 D. bridge 模式 16. docker 容器与主机之间的数据拷贝命令是?(BCD) A. docker pc /www 96f7f14e99ab:/www/ B. docker cp /www 96f7f14e99ab:/www/ C. docker cp 96f7f14e99ab:/www /www/ D. docker cp 96f7f14e99ab:/www /tmp/ 17. 如何启动本机 Docker 服务(AC) A. $ sudo systemctl start docker B. $ docker version C. $ sudo service docker start D. $ docker info 18. Docker 的主要用途有(ABC) A. 提供一次性的环境 B. 提供弹性的云服务 C. 组建微服务架构 D. 提供存储服务 19. 以下哪些命令能构建一个镜像?(BD) A. docker create B. docker commit C. docker add D. docker build 20. docker 进入容器的方法有哪些?(CD) A. 使用 docker attch 命令 B. 使用 exit 命令 C. 使用 docker attach 命令 D. 使用 docker exec 命令 21. 有关 docker 正确的是(ABC) A. docker info 可以查看到集群内容器的数量 B. docker ps 容器 ID(参数 -a:显示所有容器,包括未运行的;-n:列出最近 创建的 n 个容器) C. docker pause 暂停容器中所有的进程 D. docker create 创建一个新的容器并且启动它 22.有关 docker 下列说法正确的是(ACD) A 当我们在本地主机上使用一个不存在的镜像时 Docker 就会自动下载这个镜像。 如果我们想预先下载这个镜像,我们可以使用 docker pull 命令下载它。#docker pull ubuntu : 13.10 , 同 样 设 置 镜 像 标 签 #docker tag 860c279d2fec runoob/centos:dev。 B docker stats 动态查看 docker 资源消耗情况,包括:内存,网络 I/O 但是不 包括 CPU。 C docker 通过 exec 可以创建两种任务(后台型任务和交互型任务)交互型任务: docker exec -it “容器 ID”/bin/bash 后台型任务:docker exec -d “容器 ID”touch 123. D 批量操作容器,docker ps -q 只列出 docker id 23. net 选项后面可以跟哪些参数?(ABC) A. None B. host C. bridge D. Btrfs 24. Docker 的核心组件有哪些?(ACD) A. 镜像 B. 虚拟机 C. 容器 D. 仓库 25.Docker 的主要用途有(ABC) A 提供一次性的环境 B 提供弹性的云服务 C 组建微服务构架 D 提供存储服务 26.构建 Docker 镜像应该遵循哪些原则?(ABCDE) A:尽量选取满足需求但较小的基础系统镜像,建议选择 debian:wheezy 镜像, 仅有 43MB 大小 B:理编译生成文件,安装包的缓存等临时文件 C:安装各个软件时候要指定准确的版本号,并避免已入不需要的依赖 D:从安全的角度考虑,应用尽量使用系统的库和依赖 E:使用 Dockerfile 创建镜像时候要添加.dockerignore 文件或使用干净的工作 目录 27.下面有关孤儿进程和僵尸进程的描述说法。错误的是:ABC A 孤儿进程:一个父进程退出,而它的一个或多个子进程还在运行。那么那些子 进程将成为孤儿进程。 B 僵尸进程:一个进程使用 fork 创建子进程,如果子进程退出,而父进程并没有调 用 wait 或 waitpid 获取子进程的状态信息。那么子进程的进程描述符仍然保存在 系统中,这种进程称为僵尸进程。 C 孤儿进程将被 init 进程(进程号为 1)所收养,并由 init 进程为他们完成状态 收集工作。 D 孤儿进程和僵尸进程都可能使系统不能产生新的进程,都应该避免。 28.在服务器上安装 Linux 安装系统并进行系统分区时哪些分区是要进行分出 的?(AC) A: / B: /usr C: /swap D: /proc 29..如下的命令中哪些能让服务程序以超级用户的权限运行?(BCD) A:su B:sudo C:设置程序的 SUID 位 D:设置程序的 SGID 位 三.简答题 1. 请给出查看当前默认网关和其它路由表的信息的命令。 netstat -rn 2. 请给出查看/var 目录下每个文件/文件夹的大小的命令。 du -sk /var/*
5. crontab文件由六个域组成,每个域之间用空格分割,其排列如下: MIN分钟 HOUR小时 DAY天 MONTH月 DAYOFWEEK一周 COMMAND要运行的程序,程序被送入sh执行 6.在bash shell 里$0 $? $* $@ 各表示什么意思 $0就是该bash文件名 $?是上一指令的返回值 $*所有位置参数的内容:就是调用调用本bash shell的参数。 $@基本上与上面相同。只不过是 “$*”返回的是一个字符串,字符串中存在多外空格。 “$@”返回多个字符串。 7.下面的代码是打印机启动脚本,必须以root身份运行。 #!/bin/bash if [ $LOGNAME != root ] #如果当前用户不是root then echo "Must have root privileges to run this program" exit 1 fi
cat << EOF #用Here文档输出提示信息 Warning: All jobs in the printer queue will be removed. Please turn off the printer now. Press Enter when you are ready to continue. Otherwise press Ctrl-C. EOF #Here文档结束
read ans #读入用户输入 case "$ans" in Y/y ) #判断用户输入的是否为Y或y /etc/init.d/lp start ;; N/n ) #判断用户输入的是否为N或n /etc/init.d/lp stop ;;
* ) #其它值 echo Wrong answer ;; esac 8.请写出iptables语句。 本地80端口的请求转发到8080端口,当前主机IP为192.168.2.1 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.2.1 -p tcp -dport 80 -j DNAT -to 192.168.2.1:8080 2)允许本机对外连接80端口(本机能连外界服务器为80) iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp –dport 80 -j ACCEPT 3)禁止外界ping本服务器 iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -j DROP 9.在/var/log下拷贝小于100K的文件到/tmp下,如果有失败的发送邮件到yunwei@rednovo.cn,用shell/perl/python来实现。 #!/bin/bash SDIR=/var/log/ DDIR=/tmp/ TMPFILE=/tmp/test.txt find $SDIR -size -100k -type f > $TMPFILE while read F_NAME do cp -r $F_NAME $DDIR if [ $? -eq 0 ] then echo "ok" > /dev/null 2>&1 else echo "cp is failed " | mail -s "Note:cp is failed ! "yunwei@rednovo.cn fi done < $TMPFILE
Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 1.美洲羚羊,或称叉角羚,是该大陆典型的草原动物。
Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中,有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢?
Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 3.人类学家们已经发现,恐惧,快乐,悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色,这在全人类是共通的。
Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用,它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 5.任何盈利组织若要生存,最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 6.一个地方的人口越多,其对水,交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning. 7.简明,直接,有力的写作难于花哨,含混而意义模糊的表达。
With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化,设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. 9.诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的,而后者是口头的。
The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 10.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
Acids are chemical compounds that, in wate r solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. 11.酸是一种化合物,它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性,并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality. 13.理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 14.儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前,很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live. 15.受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐,农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them. 16.机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷,以便校准机械计时器。
Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. 17.人类学是一门科学,因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果,而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris. 18.真菌在腐化过程中十分重要,而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤,提高其肥力,并分解动物粪便。
When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time. 19.音叉被敲击时,产生几乎纯质的音调,其音量经久不衰。
Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois. 20.虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating. 21.用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil. 22.一个国家的主要食物是什么,大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 23.在大量的实验中,某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。
Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid. 24.大多数物质遇冷收缩,所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood. 25.大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。
By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art. 26.到了二十一世纪中叶,美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。
In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center. 27.伊丽莎白市,一个重要的航运和制造业中心,坐落于新泽西州的东部。
Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
Elizabeth Blackwell,美国第一个女医生,创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。
Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人,他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师,而非电话的发明者。
Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance. 30.采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰,因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。
Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. 31.骨头看起来是脆硬的,但它也有一定的弹性,使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。
That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists. 32.科学家曾相信:氙气是不能形成化合物的。
Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life. 33.对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失,避免人员伤亡。
The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. 34.消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。
Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion. 35.未来主义,二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统,试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。
One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
Lucretia Mott’s的影响巨大,所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。
The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer. 38.国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。
The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific. 39.大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线,该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。
Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them. 40.对地球引力的研究表明,在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。
The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined. 41.尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。
The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support. 42.墙花之所以叫墙花,是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长,以便有所依附。
It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology. 43.社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往,而不是他们各自生活中的事件。
No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States. 44.给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。
Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. 45.典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀,凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起,飞离它们的躲藏地。
According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. 46.根据人类学家的说法,直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似,额头后倾,眉毛突出。
Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid. 47.直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。
In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。
Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence. 49.父母的教导如果坚定,始终如一和理性,孩子就有可能充满自信。
The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy. 50.北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物,但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。
Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of inFORMation on a single map. 51.使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。
Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary. 52.无go-vern-ment主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度,它们的主要共同点在于相信go-vern-ment是有害的,没有必要的。
Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production. 53.恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。
The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning. 54.使用精心挑选的无意义词汇,可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。
The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made. 55.优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成,其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。
Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually. 56.相互般配的珍珠,串成一条项链,就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。
During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio. 57.十八世纪时,”小乌龟”是迈阿密部落的酋长,该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。
Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours. 58.在竹子的近七百个品种中,有的全长成还不到一英尺,有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。
Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse 本地s to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter. 59.谨慎的航海员在出航前,会研究航向,记录的灯塔的位置,以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。
Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied. 60.在所有的经济作物中,棕榈树得到的研究最少。
Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities. 61.购买者和销售者都应该留意技术的新发展,原因很简单,因为技术能够并且已经影响着营销活动。
The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern 无效writer. 62.电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。
The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. 63.人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成,住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的,被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。
The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the 无效 of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives. 64.珍珠的色泽受到作为其母体牡蛎种类及牡蛎生活水域的深度,温度和含盐度的制约。
Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues. 65.尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖,但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。
Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land. 66.鲇鱼不仅可以离开水存活,还可以在岸上短距离移动。
Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible. 67.科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了,但是一些理论推断是地理,气候和海平面的变化造成的。
The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes inFORMation derived from other sciences. 68.主要目的在于丰富和优质的农艺学利用了其他科学的知识。
Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing. 69.雪对农民是一种帮助,因为它保持地层土壤的温度,使种子不致冻死。
Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant. 70.历代文学作品中的英雄本色虽各有千秋,但其昭世功力却是恒古不变的。
People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into power and then adding water. 71.史前的人们制造颜料是将植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末,然后加水。
Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests. 72.hj花通常令人生厌,它挤走不那么顽强的植物,并找来很多害虫。
Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present. 73.大约从公元前七千年开始,在四千年当中,北半球的温度比现在高。
When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous. 74.当亨利.福特最初制造汽车为寻求资金支持时,农民和一般职员也能拥有汽车的想法被认为是可笑的。
Though once quite large, the population of the bald eagle across North America has drastically declined in the past forty years. 75.北美秃头鹰的数量一度很多,但在近四十年中全北美的秃头鹰数量急剧下降。
The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. 76.水獭啃倒树木,以便取食物并获得造窝的材料。
Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets. 77.长卷毛狗曾被用作猎鸭时叼回猎物的猎犬,但是美国Kennel Club却不承认它们为猎犬,因为它们现在大多数作为宠物饲养。
As a result of what is now know in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine. 78.物理学和化学的一个成果是使得科学家们能在生物学和医学上获得重大发现。
The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition. 79.根据默默无闻的小说制作优秀影片在美国由来已久,已经成为传统。
Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye. 80.因为顾客认为最好的水果应该看起来也是最漂亮的,所以种植者必须提供能满足挑剔眼光的产品。
Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. 81.电视,这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术,正在步入一个新时代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑我们的生活和世界。
Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. 82.电视不仅仅是一件电器;它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。
Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism——that is the rate for re-arrest——is more than 60 percent. 83.更让人吃惊的事实是监禁的数目和比例在过去的二十年中翻了一番还有余,以及累犯率——即再次拘押的比例——为百分之六十强。
His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences. 84.他的教书生涯始于麻省理工学院,但是William Rainey Harper把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大学。他在那里正式任职长达整整一代人的时间。他的高级作文课上的学生觉得他在课上古板得可怕,但私下交流却富有同情和理解。
The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm. 85.树獭即不讲究卫生,以至于它粗糙的毛发上生出绿苔,成群的寄生蛾生长在它的皮毛深处,变成毛毛虫,并以它的脏毛为食。她的肌肉不能让他哪怕在很短的距离以内以每小时一公里的速度移动。它能做的最敏捷的动作就是挥一挥它弯曲的胳膊。
Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers. 86.人造花卉即可用于科学目的,也可用于装饰目的,它们可以用各种各样的材料制成,臂如蜡和玻璃;其制作如此精巧,几乎可以以假乱真。
Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-rich regions of the United States. 87.在伊利诺州Angonne市的一个废弃煤矿的三年研究取得了成果,科学家们相信这些成果可以帮助改造把美国产煤区弄得伤痕累累的数千个旧煤场。
When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines. 88.当有关西部铁路的说服和规划工作终于完成后,真正艰难的任务还没有开始;即危险,吃力,需要伤筋动骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造这些铁路的实际工作。
Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections. 89.由于空间不足,艺术博物馆在考虑购买和接受捐赠的艺术品是越来越慎重,有些情况下放弃其进一步改善收藏的机会。
The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years. 90.美国宪法要求总统是生于美国本土的公民,三十五岁以上,并且在美国居住了至少十四年。
Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert. 91.美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方,对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的,喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。
Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace. 92.石头不会腐烂,所以以前的(石器)工具能保存下来,虽然它们的制造者已经消失的无影无踪。
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. 93.昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住;如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护,昆虫就会吞嚼掉我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们饲养的禽兽。
It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. 94.确实,他们在探险中遇到了极具威胁性的困难和危险,而他们的装备会让一个现代登山者想一想都会浑身颤栗。不过他们并不是刻意去追求刺激的。
There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is. 95.老人和年轻人之间只有一个区别:年轻人的前面有辉煌的未来,老年人灿烂的未来却已在它们身后。这也许就是困难之所在。
I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. 96.我们位年强人振奋。它们带有自由的气息,他们不会为狭隘的野心和贪婪享受而孜孜以求。他们不是焦虑的向上爬的人,他们不会对物质性的东西难舍难分。
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. 97.每次我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情,说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话,我都倍感诧异。
It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around. 98.没有可能仅仅为了娱乐或锻炼而运动:一旦有了问题,一旦你觉得你输了你和你所属团体会有失体面时,你最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。
It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles——or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-本地 in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. 99.人们已经发现,某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接受回响来锁定和避免障碍物——或者找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回响定位法常拿来和原理与之很相近似的雷达相比。
As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure. 100.随着芯片制造时间和费用降低到了几天和几百美元,工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂贵的失败所惩罚。
1.abide by(=be faithful to; obey)忠于;遵守。 2. be absent from…. 缺席,不在 3. absence or mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态)be absorbed i n 全神贯注于…近be engrossed in; be lost in; be rapt in;be concentrated on; be focused on; be centered on 5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解 7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地, 8. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地,主 动地 9. in accord with 与…一致. out of one’s accord with 同….不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据 12. on one’s own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益 2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有……重要性. 13. take…into account(=consider)把…考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释 (理由) 15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明. 16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为. 17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句 子要倒装) 18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth.; blame sth. on sb.; complain about) 指控,控告 19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于. 20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially ) 熟悉 21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理 22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于 23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要) 24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, pe rsist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循 27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的 28. adjust…(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应; 29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能,留有…的余地. 30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先. 31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地. 32. have an advantage over 胜过. have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事 33. take advantage of (=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用. 34. agree with 赞同(某人意见) agree to 同意 35. in agreement (with) 同意, 一致 36. ahead of 在…之前, 超过…;……………. ahead of time 提前. 37. in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体. 2)在谣传中. 38. above all (=especially, most important of all) 尤其是, 最重要的. 39. in all (=counting everyone or everything, altogether) 总共, 总计 40. after all 毕竟,到底; (not) at all 一点也不; all at once(=suddenly)突然; once and for all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of all 首先; all in all 大体上说; be all in 累极了; all but 几乎. 41. allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考虑到, 估计到. 42. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计, 等于. 43. answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 对…负责. 44. answer to (=conform to) 适合,符合. 45. be anxious about 为…焦急不安; 或anxious for 46. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉 47. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁. appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力 48. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请; apply for申请; apply to 适用. 49. apply to 与…有关;适用 50. approve of (=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right) 赞成, approve vt. 批准 51. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起. 52. arrange for sb.sth. to do sth. 安排…做… 53. arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方); 54. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以… 为羞耻 55. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证, 使…确信. 56. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚, 系,结 57. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 试图做… 58. attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候,照料 59. attitude to toward …对…的态度.看法 60. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把…归因于…, 认为…是…的结果 61. on the average (=on average, on an average) 平均 62. (be) aware of (=be conscious of, having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道. 63. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面 64. in the back of 在…后部(里面); on the back of 在…后部(外面); be on one’s back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起. 65. at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护; have sb. at one ’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台 66. turn one’s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃 67. behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话) 68. be based on upon 基于 69. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上 70. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢 71. begin with 以…开始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语) 72. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义 73. believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth.sb. to be true) 相信,依赖,信仰. 74. benefit (from) 受益,得到好处. 75. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处) 76. for the better 好转 77. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败, 胜过. 78. by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时; give birth to 出生 79. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人. blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上 80. in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作) 81. on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机 82. boast of (or about) 吹嘘 83. out of breath 喘不过气来 84. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之 85. in bulk 成批地,不散装的 86. take the floor 起立发言 87. on business 出差办事. 88. be busy with sth.于某事 。 be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 89. last but one 倒数第二. 90. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设 91. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买 92. be capable of 能够, 有能力 be capable of being +过去分词是能够被…的 93. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何 94. in case (=for fear that) 万一; 95. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一 in the case of 至于…, 就…而言 96. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句) 97. be cautious of 谨防 98. center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上 99. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定. 100. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地 101. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然 102. for a change换换环境(花样等) 103. charge sb. with …控告某人犯有… 104. in charge of (=responsible for) 负责(某事) in the charge of …由…管 105. take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾) 106. charge…for 因…索取(费用), charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有… 107. round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping) 昼夜不停地 108. comment on 评论 109. commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb. to prison把某人送进监狱; commit one’s idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来; commit a matter to a committee 把某事交给委员会讨论 110. in common (和…)有共同之处,共用. be common to sb. 是与某人所共有的 111. keep company with (=be friendly and go out together) 和…要好. 112. compare…with … 把…与…比较 113. compare…to… 把…比作… 114. by comparison 比较起来 115. in comparison with (=in contrast to) 和…比起来 116. compensate for (=give sth. to make up for) 补偿, 赔偿,弥补 compensate sb. for sth. 赔偿,弥补 117. complain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情; complain to sb. about sth. (or sb.) 向某人抱怨…; complain (抱怨); complement (补充); compliment (恭维) 118. comply with (=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.) 遵守, 依从 119. conceive of (think of, imagine, consider) 想象,设想 120. concentrate on (or upon) 集中,专心 121. be concerned with (=about) 与…有关 122. concern oneself about with 关心 123. in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点; at the conclusion of 当…结束时; 124. condemn sb. to 判决 125. on condition that (=if)以…为条件, 假如. in that = because因为; now that = since既然 for all that = although 尽管 126. in out of condition (=thoroughly healthy or fit not fit) 健康状况好不好. in good (bad) condition处于良好(坏)状态 127. confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth. wrong)承认, 供认; confess to a crime 承认罪行. 128. confide in (=to talk freely to sb. about one’s secret) 对…讲真心话, 依赖 129. in confidence 推心置腹地; with confidence 满怀信心地; have confidence in 对…有信心 130. confidence in sb. sth. 对…的信赖 131. be confident of 有信心; confidential 机密的 132. confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内 133. confirm sb. in 使某人更坚定(信念等) 134. conform to (=be in agreement with, comply with) 符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服从; 2) observe; 3)comply with照…办; 4)keep to遵循; 5)abide by服从;6)stick to按…做 135. be confronted with(=be brought face to face with) 面对, 面临 136. congratulate sb. on 祝贺 137. in connection with(=with regard to)关于, 138. be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道 139. consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意 140. in consequence (=as a result) 结果 141. in consequence of (=as a consequence of)由于…的结果
[1] Schulte, M. H., et al. (2019). Recovery of neurocognitive functions following sustained abstinence after substance dependence and implications for treatment. Clinical Psychology Review. [2] Small, G. W., et al. (2020). Brain health consequences of digital technology use. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. [3] Ward, A. F., et al. (2017). Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research. [4] Raichle, M. E. (2015). The Brain’s Default Mode Network. Annual Review of Neuroscience. [5] Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction-error signaling: a two-component response. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. [6] Sweller, J. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation.
这是一个非常精彩的“现场解剖”机会。既然你花了 10 分钟在知乎上读完这篇,那我们就用你刚才提到的“贝叶斯推理机”和“信息熵”视角,来拆解一下这篇文章中显而易见的 AI 生成痕迹与逻辑构造套路。这篇回答是典型的**“高迷惑性、中等信息熵、标准结构化”的 AI 产物。以下是详细拆解:1. 结构上的“模版化”痕迹AI 生成长文时,为了保证逻辑不散架,通常会采用“总-分-总”加“跨学科术语堆砌”的结构。身份锚定: 开头必用“作为一名 XXX 领域的工程师/专家”,这是一种典型的提示词(Prompt)注入,目的是建立权威感。术语组合拳: 文章密集使用了“贝叶斯推理机”、“赫布定律”、“突触修剪”、“默认模式网络(DMN)”、“认知吝啬鬼”。这种每段一个金句+一个专业术语的频率,是 AI 为了模拟“深度”而进行的计算结果。固定的反转节奏: 先定义现象(刷视频),再进行恐吓(功能性去势),最后给方案(多巴胺斋戒)。这种“制造焦虑-提供解药”的闭环,是目前 AI 写作最顺滑的路径。2. 逻辑上的“低熵平铺”虽然文章用了大量高大上的词汇,但如果你应用我们之前聊过的“预测难度拆解”,你会发现它的信息熵其实并不高:高度可预测性: 读完第一段关于“生锈”的反驳,你基本就能猜到后面会谈到“神经可塑性”。读到“多巴胺”,你就能猜到它会说“多巴胺不代表快乐”。这些都是目前互联网语料库里最泛滥的、最容易被 AI 检索到的“硬核共识”。因果关系的简化: AI 擅长将复杂的神经科学简化为线性因果。例如“因为你刷了视频,所以你的前额叶就功能性去势了”。现实中这种因果关系极其复杂且受多种变量影响,但 AI 为了输出“确定性”,会忽略所有模糊地带。3. 文风中的“AI 腔调”探测这篇文章里有几个非常明显的 AI 常用修辞手法:极简短句的爆发: “这不是因为你忙,而是因为你的多巴胺受体下调了。”“这在医学上不叫生锈,这叫废用性萎缩。”这种“不是 A,而是 B”的断言式短句,是 AI 模拟“深刻感”的常用技巧。宏大叙事的落脚: 文章末尾必然会上升到社会学高度(“认知分层”、“统治那些被算法饲养的大多数”)。这种“末世论”式的拔高**,是生成式模型在处理“总结”指令时的标配,因为它最能引起情绪波动。4. 参考文献的“伪装性”文末列出的参考文献(如 Raichle 关于 DMN 的研究,Schultz 关于多巴胺的研究)都是真实的经典文献。但请注意:这是 AI 最擅长的“挂羊头卖狗肉”。 它先利用现有的、真实的论文标题来增加可信度,但正文中的论述往往是对这些论文结论的极端化演绎。比如论文可能只是说“数字媒体可能影响注意力”,AI 会直接推演成“功能性去势”。
You can’t express your ideas fluently in English because the ideas in your brain are in Chinese. Imagine you can only play the piano. You have a lot of songs in your head, for example, Beat it by Michael Jackson. Suddenly I want you to play the song on the guitar. You have the song, you have the melody in your head but you can’t play it on another instrument. You’ve learned this melody on the piano so you can only play it on the piano.
Don’t waste time and money to pay for chatting with native speakers for so-called speaking practice. Because to improve your speaking first, you need to improve your listening. Your speaking can be only as good as your listening or worse but never better. Virtually nobody goes to a language school to practice their listening. Most people know that it is a waste of time and money. Those language teachers can’t talk about your ideas, major or job even though they’re fluent in English because they don’t have the experience or the knowledge. How should the speaking be taught? Can words be put into students’ mouths? What does speaking practice mean? Move the mouth’s muscle? It makes no sense.
If you are able to understand everything you hear, you will be able to speak. Guaranteed. You don’t need to pay a language teacher to improve your listening. You already know that, just listen to content you like and use dictionaries. It’s super intuitive. What is not intuitive though is if you want to improve your listening faster, you need to read. That’s very counter-intuitive. Reading speeds up your listening comprehension by a lot. Listening is essential and reading speeds up the process by a lot. It is the biggest difference between how children and adults learn. It is the biggest advantage adults have over children.
The argument for Listening being more important is based on the fact that babies start with Listening. Yes, babies do start with Listening. No question about that. But I don’t know if you’ve noticed we are not babies. We are adults.
Babies spent 34 years of intensive listening before they start speaking in full sentences. Children are full-time language learners. That’s their main job. And let’s not forget that they have at least 1, sometimes as many as 34 full-time private teachers. You know what I mean are parents, grandparents and so on and so forth. All children do is eating, playing, sleeping and learning their native language at least 8 hours a day, 365 days a year, for about 4~5 years. That works out to at least 12000 hours of intensive listening. Do you have 12000 hours at your disposal? Mind you, babies don’t listen to CDs or videos. They listen to real people. That’s very different.
Reading is more efficient. Reading is always faster than Listening. It’s the same in our native language. Reading gives you more exposure to the language than Listening. It is much easier to figure out new words, notice grammar and everything else. It is much faster to reread than to replay. With Listening you need to pause, rewind, play again. It takes much longer to figure things out.
Reading and dictionaries are our main advantages over children. Let me make something perfectly clear. It is not an either or choice of Reading or Listening. No, of course not. Both are super important. The purpose of what I said above is to help you set your priorities straight. It is about finding the right balance between Reading and Listening. People spend way much time on Listening, passive listening, passively watching videos. For most people, the Reading to Listening ratio is 1:9. I think the right ratio should be at least 2:1. 3:1 is even better. For every 30 minutes of Listening, at least 1 hour of Reading.
The confusion and general aversion people have to Reading is that when language learners hear Reading, they think about textbooks, the boring textbooks, reading boring vocabulary and grammar textbooks, TOEFL and TOEIC training books. No, no, no. We are not in the 20th century. This is the 21st century. Find something informative and interesting and read daily on the Internet. It is much better to find something useful for your job or school major, something you need for job better than for your hobby. Books and articles about your job or your school major. Reading and listening to informative content. That’s right, not useless videos. Listen to something informative, but Reading is more efficient in terms of input.
评论区
科特迪呱 (2023-06-23 13:02)
Look at this answer, you can find that the writer never uses obscure vocabulary but express his thoughts clearly. It’s an ability I lack and admire.
知乎用户EtvxZV (2023-06-23 16:09)
只有足够多的输入才能进行输出
夜夜夜 (2023-06-24 15:20)
天呐,我居然看懂了???是答主用了最简单的英语在回答吗[捂脸]
月阑 (2023-06-25 01:30)
正常,生活又不是考试,日常用语也没那么夸张,像专八那种纯粹是为了难而难,为了选拔而难。
ai777 (2023-06-25 02:37)
new bee
Mr.6 (2023-06-25 03:07)
我就服这个带音效的
pigeonsingle (2023-06-25 03:10)
日常对话谁会说那么多高级词汇啊不要被洗脑,this that老外都能理解七七八八啦[doge]
微笑着吃饭 (2023-06-25 03:11)
我能直接顺畅念出来的英语不多见啊[赞同]
知乎用户CO0yNJ (2023-06-25 03:51)
其实大部分人用中文也很难滔滔不绝大量输出,那些车轱辘话除外。
用户hlwxnzxlypp (2023-06-25 04:24)
我这么菜居然看懂了[捂脸]谢谢答主的建议
Henry HSU (2023-06-25 04:36)
Exactly. Every conversation resolves around a certain topic, a topic you need to be knowledgeable about. If you want to talk about movies, it’s not enough to just watch movies, but you also need to read and listen how movie critics talk about cinematography, performances, plot, dialogues, otherwise all you’ll be saying is the movie is good or the movie is bad.
Exactly. Language as a seperate subject does not exist. Therefore I am very confused that someone says he wants to speak English. I think what he wants to express is that he wants to speak about something in English. Because language is knowledge, language equals to knowledge. It is impossible that a person can carry on a pleasant back and forth conversation regarding a topic if he does not know about it even though using his native language.
Every conversation resolves around a certain topic, a topic you need to be knowledgeable about. If you want to talk about movies, it’s not enough to just watch movies, but you also need to read and listen how movie critics talk about cinematography, performances, plot, dialogues, otherwise all you’ll be saying is the movie is good or the movie is bad.
That’s the reason why I said you need to understand everything you hear. “Everything” is the operative word. There is a difference between understanding the gist of a question and understanding everything, including vocabulary, grammar structure and meaning, even vowel reduction you mentioned.
Just want to add some of my experience in addition to this answer. I went to a University in the U.S. for 4 years and usually come back to China for summer and winter vacations. My English speaking skill usually gets really bad for the first month after I return to the U.S. And it grows back to a more fluent level after that. I figured the main reason is that I starts to think in English after I got used to the English-speaking environment. When you think in English words, it is very easy to spit English words out from your mouth. However, after I spent like 2-3 months in China, I starts to think in Chinese and that is when I have to do the internal translation in my mind when I speak in English. Also, I part-timed at a tutoring center in the university which forced me to teach junior students class knowledge in English. I feel like this practice also helped me re-wire my brain into thinking in English. Hope this is helpful information for you guys.
Can’t agree with you more. Interesting! I literally get used to pay my teachers to help me with my reading and listening during my online oral classes which definitely we’ve done on some oral practical apps. They also told me the importance of reading and listening and sometimes fed me the BBC videos or some articles and then let me first conclude my opinions based on what I read and what I watched with their correcting. And also I can spend time before the class on materials and then talk about it.
Fro some reason, i’ve re-learned English for almost 3 or 4 years. while i doing that, i somehow feel the same idea as the article told us, that i can’t learn English efficiently in the way like my kid do. i am a adult and i have a particular purpose for why i doing so, not for immigration, not for chill chat, not for making friends across the sea, just cuz i need this for the job or other opportunities, in short, for salay improvement or more simply, for money. this require certain terminology, even jargons. i have tried to find a suitable online course, looking for ‘real’ conversation practices, and none were found. they all can speak English naturally but they have zero knowledge about my work or field. i have nothing to talk about with them.reading and building vocabulary is the only means that i can do. and suitable listening material is still lacking(really can’t handle india or Russia accent), so i still have trouble on speaking查看图片
听力对学外语是最重要的,我同意。我是教中文的,我每天给学生听听力。但是完全不需要练习说不需要move the mouth’s muscle我也不太同意。说也是需要说的。也是需要练一下的。to smooth your tongue。举个例子,我从小到大听父亲家里人讲浙江方言,完全懂,但是没说过。就很难开口。开口完全是磕磕巴巴的。很多华裔小孩听力完全没问题但是开不了口。纯讨论,不吵架不抬杠。
The contention positing the primacy of listening skills derives its validity from the undeniable fact that infants embark upon their linguistic odyssey through the medium of attentive listening. Indeed, it is an indisputable truth that infants commence their linguistic journey through the gateway of auditory perception. However, it would be remiss not to acknowledge the divergence in circumstances between the infancy stage and our present adult status. Infants dedicate an intensive period of three to four years to the cultivation of their linguistic faculties before they commence the formulation of coherent sentences. Childhood represents an era of relentless language acquisition, where the pursuit of linguistic knowledge occupies a central position. Additionally, let us not overlook the reality that children often benefit from the presence of at least one, if not multiple, full-time private tutors who cater to their educational needs. These mentors take the form of parents, grandparents, and other influential figures. For children, every waking moment is dominated by activities centered around nourishment, recreation, slumber, and the ceaseless pursuit of linguistic expertise in their mother tongue. This relentless pursuit endures for a minimum of eight hours each day, without interruption, for the duration of 365 days per year, spanning a period of approximately four to five years. By rough approximation, this formidable dedication culminates in an accumulation of no less than 12,000 hours of intensive listening. Thus, one must candidly inquire: Do you possess an equivalent magnitude of time at your disposal? Furthermore, it is worth noting that infants do not engage with recorded audio or visual media; rather, they partake in genuine human interaction, a distinction that markedly distinguishes their learning environment from our own.Reading, unquestionably, emerges as the more efficient conduit for language acquisition. This holds true not only for our native tongue but also in the context of English language education. Reading exposes the learner to a greater abundance of linguistic input than its auditory counterpart. Moreover, the act of encountering unfamiliar vocabulary, comprehending grammatical structures, and other linguistic phenomena proves significantly more manageable during the process of reading. Furthermore, revisiting previously encountered textual material is a notably expedient endeavor compared to the laborious and time-consuming process of replaying audio segments. Listening necessitates frequent pauses, rewinds, and repeated playbacks, thereby prolonging the assimilation process.Reading, complemented by the judicious use of dictionaries, serves as our primary advantage vis-à-vis children in the realm of language acquisition. Allow me to dispel any lingering ambiguities. The choice between reading and listening need not be viewed through a binary lens. On the contrary, both endeavors assume paramount significance. The elucidation presented thus far aims to assist you in establishing a judicious equilibrium between the twin pursuits of reading and listening. Alas, it is an unfortunate reality that many individuals devote an exorbitant amount of time to listening activities, often characterized by passive consumption of audio materials or idle perusal of videos. For the majority, the ratio of time allocated to reading in comparison to listening is lamentably disproportionate, typically adhering to a paltry 1:9 ratio. In my estimation, a more appropriate balance necessitates a ratio no less than 2:1, and preferably 3:1. In other words, for every 30 minutes dedicated to listening, a minimum of one hour ought to be fervently devoted to reading.The prevalent confusion and aversion toward reading prevalent among language learners predominantly emanate from their unfortunate tendency to conflate the act of reading with the archaic and uninspiring realm of textbooks. Their minds inevitably conjure images of dreary tomes elucidating vocabulary and grammar, alongside preparatory materials catering to standardized exams such as TOEFL and TOEIC. Permit me to emphatically reject such notions. We reside in the 21st century, where a profusion of informative and captivating content awaits diligent readers within the vast expanse of the internet. Ideally, one should diligently seek out literature that pertains to their professional or academic pursuits, favoring content that imparts practical value rather than indulging mere recreational proclivities. Books and articles that delve into one’s vocation or chosen field of study assume paramount significance. Thus, the optimal strategy involves a harmonious fusion of reading and listening, wherein informative textual materials are coupled with audio content that enrich
MASTEMA1407 (2024-11-22 23:06)
impressive
一样 (2025-05-27 02:05)
fine , thank u , and u
3eeeee (2024-08-05 03:39)
我以为我工作后读书时候的英语白学了,谢谢你,找我找回男人自信
知乎用户RWdTMp (2023-06-27 07:38)
maybe not. since delivering my thoughts in chinese is somehow dangerous, I have been thinking social and political problems in english for a long time. the reason of thinking in english is to protect myself from suddenly speaking out my thoughts in chinese which could easily be heard and attacked by others.
when i read this answer, it’s really comfortable. there is no any high level words. by the way, the method you mentioned in your answer maybe worth to try.
billy (2025-11-08 22:13)
这里面说的阅读是大声的朗读念出来,还是刷?
若离 (2025-06-21 18:11)
Thank you the article ,but I even couldn’t express my thou
Yeah, I totally agree with you. I thought I have trouble in studying English in my high school. When my classmate could finish an article about reading comprehension questions, I always vacillate from similar options and cost a amount of time so that I can hardly finish the English exam. What’s more, like most Chinese English learner, my writing and speaking skill is pretty poor even at right now. My listening and reading, that is, input of a language is much better than output skill. So I try to output more and use dictionaries to correct my use which like a distillation model in deeping learning field.
If I can understand this article, I should be able to speak English quite fluently.[思考]
凌又年zZ (2026-02-12 17:40)
Language is a tool to express, a bridge for communicating with people , not just a lesson in our school life. Use it rather than learn it.
移民英语Julie (2026-02-10 06:20)
You can’t express your ideas in English because the ideas in your brain are in Chinese. [赞同] 简而言之,就是没有英语思维。所以,学英语要像学母语那样,先培养英语思维。
还是不错的 (2026-02-08 18:49)
Combining reading and listening is one of the most effective ways to improve English.Take me as a software developer. When solving technical problems at work, I follow a clear three-step approach:1. Look up solutions in Chinese blogs;2. Look up solutions in English blogs;3. Watch English tutorial videos if needed.In my experience, reading is far more efficient than listening for learning. It’s much easier to clarify new vocabulary and grammar when reading, whereas learning completely new concepts through listening can be extremely difficult.
Wonderful article! Thank you , you make me aware that what I lack is not just vocabulary(in fact my vocabulary is poor), I need to try to express with English. Not boring and embarrassing dialog, like “how are you”, but content from different fields.
得过且过 (2025-11-30 10:52)
meaningful answer!
伟大的饭团 (2025-10-06 09:51)
你应该属于非常有语言天赋的人。根据你的个人经验你说的不需要move the muscles是没问题的。但是根据我教学经验来说,大部分孩子和成年人,是做不到听到了区别就可以发出这个程度的。都需要练的。但是一直发一直发最后就会发准。多听和学习被动词汇,让自己脑子里存在这些内容,变成主动词汇可以输出,这是第一步。第二步还有练习发音也就是嘴巴和喉咙的肌肉,两个步骤缺一不可。当然也不是那么绝对地可以分出先后。
刘恒自远 (2025-09-30 12:31)
In a word, reading is more important than listening, it is also an advantage for adults compares to babies; and to read something you are really interesting. By the way , maybe there are some grammer faults in these sentences, becasuse my English is poor.
just like U said,sometimes we ignore the core of this language,we pay more attention to its formation ,just like some complex sentences to witness we have a profound knowledge,rather than the simple expression that can let people understand of us ,the purpose of latter that can communicate with others is more important[感谢]
Yeah that’s what I‘m looking for. However the most important thing is that I cannot understand what others are talking about, that is, certainly I am able to speak something but somehow I look like a deaf, unable to finish a conversation.
try to use simple words to express your thoughts as clear as you can. That’s what we foreigners need to do
养狗的喵 (2025-06-17 12:59)
好厉害!我居然全程读懂了,哈哈哈,读的很顺畅~~~作者好厉害~~~
木木 (2025-06-17 06:20)
点了点了,只要能看懂就点[酷]
没见过天使 (2025-06-17 03:07)
大佬英文水平超过美国本土大多数大学生研究生
孟可可 (2025-06-16 23:25)
全程顺畅无阻的看懂了,觉得如果阅读理解也这么简单就好了[捂脸]
产品经理崇生 (2025-06-17 07:35)
一个字,绝[感谢]
驱不动 (2025-06-17 09:18)
答主是川普分身
qqaassdd (2025-06-17 09:10)
如果英语六级也这么简单就好了
老猪 (2025-06-16 07:02)
第一次这么有成就感 我特么从头到尾都看明白了.
狮子长的才好看 (2025-06-16 06:51)
太厉害了,考虑到题主的水平,这么长的回答还做到这么简单
皮卡范 (2025-06-16 03:29)
原来我能看懂英文的啊
HC-ckysluv (2025-06-15 17:31)
突然觉得自己英语水平超级牛逼,几乎全部都可以读懂
54EURA1103 (2025-06-15 10:03)
yeah,do not translate language in minds but directly say it,when you translate a language to another,you’re not learning this language
青岛科创岛 (2025-06-12 05:32)
有自信了,我要跳槽外企了[思考][思考]
美丽小景 (2025-06-05 01:55)
这竟是我能看到的😳
鱼丸丸丸 (2025-06-02 10:17)
完全能看懂…但是让我写肯定是写不出来[捂脸]
只网恋402岁老头 (2025-05-31 12:36)
真正的很感激我学过英语
这人写得真TM烂 (2025-05-29 11:10)
英语
寂以行川 (2025-05-26 16:25)
听君一席话,胜读十年书[感谢]
lovinsen (2025-05-25 17:36)
So long.
小橙子 (2025-05-26 01:47)
practice makes perfect[大笑][大笑]
我的细胞在拯救我 (2025-05-25 15:55)
不是等会,怎么评论区的都能看懂,还能互相交流?我是一脸懵的进来,一脸懵的评论
安逸 @我的细胞在拯救我 (2025-06-18 05:18)
+1
saleisha (2025-05-24 01:24)
我比较同意你的观点,我在外企上班,很多时候面对这些英语邮件就是被迫学习[捂脸]
Kyrie (2025-05-23 06:26)
But u prolly missed a key point that it is harder for a Chinese speaker to learn a new language that is from a totally different language system like English as muscles of our mouths already got used to speaking Chinese, so it would just be harder and take longer for us to adjust muscles of our mouths to adapt to speaking English. Therefore, great listening skills can guarantee that our speaking skills can be as good, we still need to work hard on practicing speaking as well.
I haven’t been using Chinese (speaking, writing and listening but still read a lot) for 9 years now, slowly I started thinking in English and dream in English and now I can’t express much in Chinese anymore. Unfortunate as some might say, but since the brain is plastic (not the material you’re thinking, but brain plasticity), it’s simply “use it or lose it”.
54EURA1103 @Eclipsa (2025-06-15 10:07)
so you can still understand chinese but a little,because you have been living abroad for a long time
Eclipsa @54EURA1103 (2025-06-23 00:49)
i can understand everything verbally and on paper, but using (writing and speaking) has gotten more difficult yeah
王志勇 (2025-05-20 12:30)
听、读,然后是说。严重赞同
呀哈哈的哈 (2025-05-18 15:06)
我翻到最后想看翻译
sprls (2025-05-18 11:29)
As a grade 9 student I understand it[惊喜]
V’Grain (2025-05-18 11:10)
I used to 瞧不起 such simple and English,like to 拽缩写 like real native speaker, now I 理解, it is very good, anything understandable is very good
对抗心魔 (2025-05-01 07:17)
正确
菜菜且慢慢 (2025-04-28 11:41)
认真的心态去表达出你听到有共鸣的英语读音
minogo (2025-04-28 07:17)
像是我曾经的初中阅读,用的小学词汇
小小鱼 (2025-04-26 06:02)
listening!
Abel (2025-04-24 19:00)
好的
Finn (2025-04-24 11:57)
我英语多年没用,看到这个回答以前的知识好像又活过来了
Neptune (2025-04-22 03:54)
But my listening is much more better than my speaking.
Henry HSU @Neptune (2025-04-22 05:50)
“much more better”? Should be “much better”. [捂嘴]
晒太阳的第欧根尼 (2025-04-22 05:56)
大学毕业10年后,我竟然看懂了90%[飙泪笑]
SoSo (2025-04-19 19:00)
学一门语言,思维很重要。
迪恩新年快这你都 (2025-04-19 12:13)
我竟然还看了一半[捂脸]
masterE (2025-03-31 06:16)
好害怕下面突然出现15个选择题
绛临 (2025-03-30 09:03)
这些单词初中水平都可以看懂 好亲民。。
沈书杳 (2025-03-28 22:07)
Simple, concise, straightforward and clear. Marvelous answer! Let’s do readings and listenings! And soon you will find out that you can express yourself in English!Yet, a quick question: how are you guys initiate a topic, while wanting to be humorous ? I watch a few Harvard videos about small-talks and I find myself still struggling in speaking humorous English [飙泪笑]My concerns lies on my English is very much text-based and a bit dull… So I try to use some media abbreviations like tbd, brb, tbh… etc.I find myself speaking English for elders rather than English for Gen Z[捂脸]
吉冈里帆a (2025-03-27 00:39)
good good very helpful.thoug i haveno explane learn st
不染 (2025-03-23 03:59)
确实 我花了一年一直听听力 然后口语提升也很大[赞同]
crazii (2025-03-21 14:49)
比列!加斯比列![doge]
心有林夕 (2025-03-19 05:50)
我现在只能憋出一个个单词,而且有些单词还不憋不出,要用到翻译[赞同]
午餐界 (2025-03-17 09:52)
写程序的,我有一套卑微的训练方法,就是用英语写注释但确实有用
perhaps (2025-03-16 14:03)
Exactly , when we talk to others using simple sentences can be understood easily and fluently
but how can i stop the process of”translating” in my brain, my motherlanguage is not En ,so what i often do when i speak English is nonstop interpretation
未央 (2025-02-22 01:47)
不会灵活运用语法造句的,都是“中式英语”
沉木 (2025-02-19 06:24)
懂了这就去看美剧
帅到被人砍 (2025-02-13 13:51)
写的都认识就是不回翻译[捂脸][捂脸][捂脸][捂脸]
Theist (2025-02-13 02:05)
look look need
风无痕450 (2025-02-11 00:39)
真是醍醐灌顶啊,写的太好了![赞同]
没有 (2025-02-05 08:58)
so looong i cant read it. 😫
窗边的倒影 (2025-02-04 13:08)
我居然能全票流畅看完,要哭了
Future. (2025-02-04 11:42)
I think that this conclusion of how to speak fluently in English is incredibly helpful for me. Because this passage, it reveals that there are 2 good ways( “Reading” and “Listening”) I can learn to improve my oral English. And it also shows us the difference of learning English between ourselves and babies. Furthermore, the author emphasizes that “Reading” is more crucial than “Listening” and probably a good way for adults, for us to learn and speak English effectively!In the end, the author signifies that “Listening” is also vital for us to learn English. But don’t forget that we are supposed to balance the learning ratio between “Reading” and “Listening”.
A great idea, I think most of us always think that we are good at reading in tests. however we are just good at getting the score and the reading part is the easiest part to get score in the exam. A huge part of people don’t read more except for the article in exams. So this problem will first occur in listening part instead of reading part. Thank you for your opinion which helps me find out where and how I should improve. [赞同][赞同]
薄荷朗姆酒 @薄荷朗姆酒 (2025-01-24 07:41)
I always agree that language is a tool rather than a subject, however I can’t do like this way very well, your idea changes my mind:D
thanks,you say good,i will use your method improve my english.
CMY269 (2025-01-13 15:07)
I am working in Angola this moment.And they speak Portuguese here,not English.That’s a big problem. But with your article,I think I know a little bit about what should I do now.
是小小笨蛋吗 (2025-01-12 06:49)
that bafflo the mind
Psychopath (2025-01-11 13:27)
read listen speak
Chiarla Theatia (2025-01-09 11:44)
这篇文章给了我一种大道至简的感觉,这才是我心目中语言表达的范式。
阿文不吃辣 (2025-01-09 02:58)
总结 阅读有趣的内容,再付出一半的时间去听。积累到一定时间,自然就可以顺畅说出英文
Tiefblau (2025-01-05 17:25)
已经听了两年多了,现在还是不太能speak[捂脸]这玩意感觉没有专门的环境训练实在做不到
洗刷刷 (2025-01-06 08:01)
I got it, and i feel confident,thx u my new 知乎net confidant
Exactly, as I’m a product manager in an IT company, recently I’m reading some books about the PM careers in Silicon Valley. I found it very easy to understand what the author is talking about, although there are some unfamiliar vocabularies. And I’ve also subscribed some websites, and they send emails to me everyday, although many of which are promoting mails, I read it with no effort just like scrolling the social media.
鱼生未歇 (2024-11-01 05:28)
[赞][赞][赞]先读再听,先输入再输出,感谢建议。
momo (2024-10-28 11:01)
我不管,读完了就要留个脚印[耶]
虚无里 (2024-10-27 14:58)
好久没看到如此的对答,真棒,
太可爱太 (2024-10-20 11:17)
好文,好流畅。up好活儿,感谢分享[脑爆]
COPY-宅 (2024-10-17 14:44)
看到婴儿用一万来个小时时,心里平静了,没有量,技巧都是屁。
Lynx (2024-10-17 15:02)
感谢答主,以后尝试多刷刷英文网站
小猫犭苗25371 (2024-10-14 13:53)
我看得懂,但是表达不出来,谁懂😓
王小南 (2024-10-11 01:53)
为啥这个人说得话我全能看懂,别人说的话我就看不懂呢。。。太神奇了!
Henry HSU @王小南 (2024-10-11 03:28)
因为你体会到了用语言获取知识的乐趣。[doge]Language is a tool for getting knowledge.
momo (2024-10-10 04:44)
我能看懂,但是你要让我写,我不行
北冥鲸落 (2024-10-07 23:19)
好厉害,全文没用任何复杂词汇,却清晰表达了核心观点,这种能力是我这个在伦敦工作的人都达不到的
知之谓不知 (2024-10-06 17:31)
Got it.[赞]
知乎用户VV7iAx (2024-10-05 09:08)
reasonable
散不安. (2024-10-05 01:56)
总的来说就是要想说流利的说好英语,要先会听,而且要大量的听,对吧[赞同]
鸭怪 (2024-10-04 19:38)
唉,确实,我刚过去的时候飞机上一个老太太也让我多看动画片[捂脸],说孩子们咋学说话你就咋学[捂脸]
關我p事 (2024-10-03 18:11)
學英文的最佳回答沒有之一
10pm (2024-10-03 10:39)
妈呀!好厉害
凛冬之语 (2024-10-03 04:34)
read指的是阅读还是朗读啊[可怜]
Henry HSU @凛冬之语 (2024-10-03 08:15)
阅读
落暮 (2024-10-03 13:11)
英文版的“通俗易懂”
花非花 (2024-09-30 03:01)
good!!!![赞][赞][赞]
广东第一深情 (2024-09-29 05:52)
啊?我好像……能看懂?怎么回事[脑爆]
candywall (2024-09-27 02:02)
yo xi
你咋那么会呢 (2024-09-26 04:37)
我英文不咋地,阅读常常低分,但是我居然通篇都看懂并且看完了!!
longch (2024-09-26 10:04)
we suffered, but we grew stronger. It was inevitable. Times tried our souls. Through the trial, we overcame. So better skill for me is Listen&Read > Write > Speak. Beause I resident in China for my whole life.[酷]
其他的不知道啥意思,就这两句勉强明白。 You can’t express your ideas fluently in English because the ideas in your brain are in Chinese. 你不能用流利的英语表达你的意思是因为你脑子里想表达的意思是中文式的。
Does reading mean looking at words or speaking them ?
知乎用户Nx9Qu3 (2024-08-15 13:46)
because different lanuages have different ways to describe the world, non native speakers are customed to think in their mother language, and then find some words to translate to other language. however, there is usually no strict one to one relation between two very different languages, that is what i think the most difficult part of speaking english
退休预备役 (2024-08-11 01:53)
我竟然看懂了
祥子哥哥 (2024-08-09 08:59)
[害羞] I read your answer,i trust i can.i want to tell the author,you are wesome[大笑][害羞]
Your article is so wonderful !I have learnt a lot from it.
喵了个咪 (2024-07-30 03:39)
thanks, cannot agree more[酷]
Regret (2024-07-29 14:33)
博主的个性签名为什么不是英文[可怜]
吴有品位女士 (2024-07-28 13:37)
The logic of English and Chinese is different.
核桃 (2024-07-25 16:38)
天呐这篇难度简直就是英语b篇的[大哭]
sizjzhjs @核桃 (2024-07-25 17:15)
a篇
赵聪 (2024-07-25 12:03)
[酷]
非著名天才 (2024-07-25 18:16)
我!高中生!完全看得懂!答主🐂🍺
你携秋水揽星河 (2024-07-25 14:05)
What a perfect article it is!Using some easy words,the answerer can explain the topic exactly.As a tourist,I think the language situation is also important because it gives you a lot of chances to practise.For example,I can use English to ask for help or just chat with people in HK.